Certain historical laws granted Italian citizenship under exceptional circumstances:
– Law no. 379 of 14 December 2000: Allowed individuals born and residing in the territories of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire—and their descendants—to apply. Deadline: Expired on 19 December 2010.
– Law no. 124 of 8 March 2006: Applied to Italians who lost their citizenship between 1940 and 1947 while living in Istria, Fiume, or Dalmatia.
Important Note: The recognition based on special laws is treated as citizenship acquired by legal benefit —not by birth— so parents recognized under these laws cannot declare citizenship on behalf of their minor children under Article 4(1-bis) of Law 91/1992 because they are not Italians by birth.